This is a clip from a conversation with Gary Marcus from Oct 2019. New full episodes every Mon & Thu and 1-2 new clips or a new non-podcast video on all other days. You can watch the full conversation here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNOTDn3D_RI
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Note: I select clips with insights from these much longer conversation with the hope of helping make these ideas more accessible and discoverable. Ultimately, this podcast is a small side hobby for me with the goal of sharing and discussing ideas. For now, I post a few clips every Tue & Fri. I did a poll and 92% of people either liked or loved the posting of daily clips, 2% were indifferent, and 6% hated it, some suggesting that I post them on a separate YouTube channel. I hear the 6% and partially agree, so am torn about the whole thing. I tried creating a separate clips channel but the YouTube algorithm makes it very difficult for that channel to grow unless the main channel is already very popular. So for a little while, I'll keep posting clips on the main channel. I ask for your patience and to see these clips as supporting the dissemination of knowledge contained in nuanced discussion. If you enjoy it, consider subscribing, sharing, and commenting.

Gary Marcus is a professor emeritus at NYU, founder of Robust.AI and Geometric Intelligence, the latter is a machine learning company acquired by Uber in 2016. He is the author of several books on natural and artificial intelligence, including his new book Rebooting AI: Building Machines We Can Trust. Gary has been a critical voice highlighting the limits of deep learning and discussing the challenges before the AI community that must be solved in order to achieve artificial general intelligence.

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In this first video of this series in object detection we try to understand what object detection is and how it works. We also look at an overview of model architectures in object detection such as a sliding windows approach, regional based family of models (r-CNN) and lastly a quick overview of Yolo which we will go into more in depth (and code from scratch) in a future video!

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Out of all the current Deep Learning applications, machine vision remains one of the most popular. Since Convolutional Neural Nets (CNN) are one of the best available tools for machine vision, these nets have helped Deep Learning become one of the hottest topics in AI.

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CNNs are deep nets that are used for image, object, and even speech recognition. Pioneered by Yann Lecun at New York University, these nets are currently utilized in the tech industry, such as with Facebook for facial recognition. If you start reading about CNNs you will quickly discover the ImageNet challenge, a project that was started to showcase the state of the art and to help researchers access high-quality image data. Every top Deep Learning team in the world joins the competition, but each time it’s a CNN that ends up taking first place.

A CNN tends to be a difficult concept to grasp. If you’ve ever struggled while trying to learn about these nets, please comment and share your experiences.

CNNs have multiple types of layers, the first of which is the convolutional layer. To visualize this layer, imagine a set of evenly spaced flashlights all shining directly at a wall. Every flashlight is looking for the exact same pattern through a process called convolution. A flashlight’s area of search is fixed in place, and it is bounded by the individual circle of light cast on the wall. The entire set of flashlights forms one filter, which is able to output location data of the given pattern. A CNN typically uses multiple filters in parallel, each scanning for a different pattern in the image. Thus the entire convolutional layer is a 3-dimensional grid of these flashlights.

Connecting some dots
- A series of filters forms layer one, called the convolutional layer. The weights and biases in this layer determine the effectiveness of the filtering process.

- Each flashlight represents a single neuron. Typically, neurons in a layer activate or fire. On the other hand, in the convolutional layer, neurons search for patterns through convolution. Neurons from different filters search for different patterns, and thus they will process the input differently.

- Unlike the nets we've seen thus far where every neuron in a layer is connected to every neuron in the adjacent layers, a CNN has the flashlight effect. A convolutional neuron will only connect to the input neurons that it “shines” upon.

The convoluted input is then sent to the next layer for activation. CNNs use backprop for training, but because a special engine called RELU is used for activation, the nets don’t suffer from the vanishing gradient problem.

In real world applications, image convolution results in 100s of millions of weights and biases, which has an adverse effect on performance. Thus after RELU, the activations are typically pooled in an adjacent layer to reduce dimensionality. Afterwards, there is usually a fully connected layer that acts as a classifier.

CNNs that are in use typically have an architecture with repeated sets of layers. Set 1 is a convolutional layer followed by a RELU. This set can be repeated a few times, and the repeated structure is followed by a pooling layer. This resulting combination forms set 2, which is also repeated a few more times. The final resulting structure is then attached to a fully connected layer at the end. This architecture allows the net to continuously build complex patterns from simple ones, all while lowering computing costs with dimensionality reduction.

CNNs are a powerful tool, but there is one drawback – they require 10s of millions of labelled data points for training. They also must be trained with GPUs for the process to be completed in a reasonable amount of time.

Credits
Nickey Pickorita (YouTube art) -
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Isabel Descutner (Voice) -
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This AWS CloudFormation video tutorial shall teach you how to use AWS CloudFormation and why it is used. Towards the end, we will be learning how to create a template using a JSON script and also create a stack using the sample templates. This video tutorial is ideal for those want to become an AWS Certified Solutions Architect!
00:00:00 Agenda
00:00:53 Why AWS CloudFormation
00:06:08 AWS CloudFormation Components
00:27:48 Templates in CloudFormation
00:29:37 Stacks in CloudFormation
00:30:19 Direct Update
00:30:40 Update

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📢📢 𝐓𝐨𝐩 𝟏𝟎 𝐓𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐓𝐞𝐜𝐡𝐧𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐋𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐧 𝐢𝐧 2023 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬 📢📢
⏩ NEW Top 10 Technologies To Learn In 2023 - https://youtu.be/udD_GQVDt5g

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What is the AWS certification?

AWS is a top cloud service provider and the AWS certification is one of the leading IT certifications today. It consists of a wide range of expert insights, resources that help validate your technical skills and cloud expertise to improve your career and business.

Why learn AWS?

As AWS is one of the rapidly growing cloud services, it has over 1 million customers from 190 countries. Cloud skills have become critical to large enterprises, and thus the AWS certification provides enormous job opportunities with competitive salaries.

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