Lightbulbs might be the best idea ever – just not for light. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

A huge thanks to David Lovett for showing me his awesome relay and vacuum tube based computers. Check out his YouTube channel @UsagiElectric

▀▀▀
References:
Herring, C., & Nichols, M. H. (1949). Thermionic emission. Reviews of modern physics, 21(2), 185. – https://ve42.co/Herring1949

Goldstine, H. H., & Goldstine, A. (1946). The electronic numerical integrator and computer (eniac). Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, 2(15), 97-110. – https://ve42.co/ENIAC

Shannon, C. E. (1938). A symbolic analysis of relay and switching circuits. Electrical Engineering, 57(12), 713-723. – https://ve42.co/Shannon38

Boole, G. (1847). The mathematical analysis of logic. Philosophical Library. – https://ve42.co/Boole1847

The world’s first general purpose computer turns 75 – https://ve42.co/ENIAC2

Dylla, H. F., & Corneliussen, S. T. (2005). John Ambrose Fleming and the beginning of electronics. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 23(4), 1244-1251. – https://ve42.co/Dylla2005

Stibitz, G. R. (1980). Early computers. In A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century (pp. 479-483). Academic Press.

ENIAC’s Hydrogen Bomb Calculations – https://ve42.co/ENIAC3


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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Benedikt Heinen, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy ‘kkm’ K’Nelson, Sam Lutfi.

▀▀▀
Written by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller and Kovi Rose
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Mike Radjabov, Ivy Tello and Fabio Albertelli
Filmed by Derek Muller & Raquel Nuno
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, & Emily Zhang
Thumbnail by Ignat Berbeci

Welcome to Micromouse, the fastest maze-solving competition on Earth. Join Onshape’s community of over 3 million CAD users by creating a free account here: https://Onshape.pro/Veritasium.

▀▀▀
A huge thank you to Peter Harrison for all of his help introducing us to the world of Micromouse – check out https://ukmars.org & https://micromouseonline.com.
Thank you to David Otten, APEC, and the All-Japan Micromouse Competition for having us.
Thank you to Juing-Hei (https://www.youtube.com/@suhu9379) & Derek Hall (https://www.youtube.com/@MicroMouse) for usage of their micromouse videos.
Thank you to John McBride, Yusaku Kanagawa, and Katie Barnshaw for their help with Japanese translations.

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References:
Claude Shannon Demonstrates Machine Learning, AT&T Tech Channel Archive - https://ve42.co/ClaudeShannon
Mighty mouse, MIT News Magazine - https://ve42.co/MightyMouse
History, Micromouse Online Blog - https://ve42.co/MMHistory
Christiansen, D. (1977). Spectral lines: Announcing the Amazing Micro-Mouse Maze Contest. IEEE Spectrum, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 27-27 - https://ve42.co/Christiansen1977
Allan, R. (1979). Microprocessors: The amazing micromice: See how they won: Probing the innards of the smartest and fastest entries in the Amazing Micro-Mouse Maze Contest. IEEE Spectrum, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 62-65, - https://ve42.co/Allan1979
1977-79 – “MOONLIGHT SPECIAL” Battelle Inst. (American), CyberNetic Zoo - https://ve42.co/MoonlightSpecial
Christiansen, D. (2014). The Amazing MicroMouse Roars On. Spectral Lines - https://ve42.co/Christiansen2014
1986 - MicroMouse history, competition & how it got started in the USA, via YouTube - https://ve42.co/MMArchiveYT
The first World Micromouse Contest in Tsubuka, Japan, August 1985 [1/2] by TKsTclip via YouTube - https://ve42.co/MMTsukubaYT
IEEE. (2018). Micromouse Competition Rules - https://ve42.co/IEEERules
Tondra, D. (2004). The Inception of Chedda: A detailed design and analysis of micromouse. University of Nevada - https://ve42.co/Tondra2004
Braunl, T. (1999). Research relevance of mobile robot competitions. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 32-37 - https://ve42.co/Braunl1999
All Japan Micromouse 2017 by Peter Harrison, Micromouse Online - https://ve42.co/RedComet
Winning record of the national competition micromouse (half size) competition. mm3sakusya @ wiki (Google translated from Japanese) - https://ve42.co/JapanFinishTimes
The Fosbury Flop—A Game-Changing Technique, Smithsonian Magazine - https://ve42.co/FosburyFlop
Gold medal winning heights in the Men's and Women's high jump at the Summer Olympics from 1896 to 2020, Statistica - https://ve42.co/HighJump
Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., & Soon, P. L. (2016). Design and realization of two-wheel micro-mouse diagonal dashing. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 31(4), 2299-2306. - https://ve42.co/Zhang2016
Micromouse Turn List, Keri’s Lab - https://ve42.co/MMTurns
Green Ye via YouTube - https://ve42.co/Greenye
Classic Micromouse, Excel 9a. Demonstrate fan suction, by TzongYong Khiew via YouTube - https://ve42.co/MMFanYT
Vacuum Micromouse by Eliot, HACKADAY - https://ve42.co/MMVacuum

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi.

▀▀▀
Written by Tom Lum and Emily Zhang
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Ivy Tello
Coordinated by Emily Zhang
Filmed by Yusaku Kanagawa, Emily Zhang, and Derek Muller
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound
Thumbnail by Ren Hurley and Ignat Berbeci
References by Katie Barnshaw
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang

Concrete = cement + sand + gravel. Cement is the most important man-made material on Earth. Offset your carbon footprint on Wren: https://wren.co/veritasium . For the first 100 people who sign up, I will personally pay for the first month of your subscription!

▀▀▀
A huge thank you to Nevada Ready Mix for being willing to bury me in concrete, especially Elu Chavez and Mike Sherwood. https://www.nevadareadymix.com

And to Brandon Birchak of Six Foot Productions for providing the big fish bowl, safety equipment, planning and filming: https://www.sixfootcreations.com

▀▀▀
References:
Instant stone (just add water), Roots of Progress, https://rootsofprogress.org/in....stant-stone-just-add
https://rootsofprogress.org/cement-redux

Cement Chemistry and Sustainable Cementitious Materials
https://www.youtube.com/@cemen....tchemistryandsustain

Ahmad, S., Lawan, A., & Al-Osta, M. (2020). Effect of sugar dosage on setting time, microstructure and strength of Type I and Type V Portland cements. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 13, e00364. – https://ve42.co/Ahmad2020

Seymour, L. M., Maragh, J., Sabatini, P., Di Tommaso, M., Weaver, J. C., & Masic, A. (2023). Hot mixing: Mechanistic insights into the durability of ancient Roman concrete. Science advances, 9(1), eadd1602. -- https://ve42.co/Seymour2023

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Benedikt Heinen, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi.

▀▀▀
Written by Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Filmed by Raquel Nuno, Austin Bradley and Bryson
Animated by Ivy Tello & Mike Radjabov
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman: the Bill Wurtz inspired ‘Skyscrapers are made of sea shells’
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, & Emily Zhang

Existe toda una rama de las matemáticas dedicada simplemente a los nudos… y ha cambiado el mundo. Te ayudaremos, puedes ir a https://brilliant.org/veritasium para comenzar tu prueba gratuita de 30 días y las primeras 200 personas obtendrán un 20 % de descuento en una suscripción premium anual.

▀▀▀
Muchas gracias al Prof. Colin Adams por su excelente ayuda al guiarnos a través del mundo de los nudos.
Muchas gracias al Prof. Doug Smith, Dorian Raymer, el Prof. David Leigh y la Prof. Dorothy Buck por ayudarnos a comprender las aplicaciones de la teoría de nudos.
Muchas gracias al Prof. Dan Silver y al Prof. Jim Hoste por hablar con nosotros sobre la historia y la tabulación de nudos.

Si quieres aprender más sobre los nudos y jugar con ellos tú mismo, consulta:
La increíble herramienta KnotPlot: https://knotplot.com/. ¡Gracias a Rob Scharein por brindarnos ayuda técnica también!
Una tabla de nudos y todas sus invariantes: https://knotinfo.math.indiana.edu/
Knot Atlas para obtener información general sobre nudos: http://katlas.org/wiki/Main_Page

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Referencias en vídeo de la teoría de nudos: https://ve42.co/KnotTheoryRefs

Imágenes y vídeo:
Alexander cortando el nudo gordiano por Donato Creti vía Fine Art America - https://ve42.co/GordianCut
Tablet de Indus Valley a través de Quora - https://ve42.co/IndusValley
Páginas del Libro de Kells a través del National Trust of Scotland: https://ve42.co/BookOfKells
Diseños celtas medievales de @thebookofkellsofficial a través de Instagram - https://ve42.co/KellsInsta
Nudos chinos de YWang9174 a través de Wikimedia Commons - https://ve42.co/Panchang
Cables Quipu de Pi3.124 vía Wikimedia Commons - https://ve42.co/Quipu
Heráldica de Borromeo a través de Terre Borromeo - https://ve42.co/Borromeo
Carta de Birman/Jones vía Celebratio Mathematica - https://ve42.co/JonesBirman
Nudo de trébol molecular de piedra M a través de Wikimedia Commons - https://ve42.co/TrefoilMolecule
Estructura de rayos X del nudo trébol por Ll0103 a través de Wikimedia Commons - https://ve42.co/XrayTrefoil
Animación de bacterias de Your Body's Molecular Machines por Drew Berry a través del Instituto de Investigación Médica Walter y Eliza Hall - http://wehi.tv
Topoisomerasa y nudos de Orlandini et al. Sinergia de la topoisomerasa. PNAS, vol. 116, núm. 17, 2019, págs. 8149–8154. – https://ve42.co/Orlandini2019
KnotProt 2.0: una base de datos de proteínas con nudos y nudos corredizos - https://ve42.co/Knotprot

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Un agradecimiento especial a nuestros seguidores de Patreon:
Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Dirigido por Emily Zhang
Escrito por Emily Zhang y Derek Muller
Editado por Trenton Oliver.
Animado por Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Jakub Misiek y Mike Radjabov.
Filmado por Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno y Emily Zhang
Producido por Emily Zhang y Derek Muller

Miniatura de Ignat Berbeci y Mike Radjabov
Vídeo/fotos adicionales proporcionadas por Getty Images y Pond5
Música de Epidemic Sound

____


🕹 Este canal de Youtube es administrado por: https://www.unilingo.tv/
❓Comentarios o sugerencias de traducción: [email protected]

NASA have made a wheel capable of withstanding tough Martian terrain, but just how indestructible is it? Head to https://hensonshaving.com/veritasium and enter code 'Veritasium' for 100 free blades with the purchase of a razor. Make sure to add both the razor and the blades to your cart for the code to take effect.

▀▀▀
A huge thanks to everyone at NASA Glenn Research Center for having us at the SLOPE Lab, showing their work on this indestructible tire, and helping with the science and animation.
A huge thanks to everyone at Smart Tire Co for showing us around their facility, teaching us about nitinol, and letting us flatten their tires.

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References:

Steel Rod Footage - https://ve42.co/SteelRod

H. Föll. 8.4.1 - Martensite. University of Kiel, Faculty of Engineering - https://ve42.co/Foell

Bhattacharya, K. (1998). Theory of martensitic microstructure and the shape-memory effect - https://ve42.co/Bhattacharya1998

Bhattacharya, K. (2003). Microstructure of martensite: why it forms and how it gives rise to the shape-memory effect (Vol. 2). Oxford University Press. - https://ve42.co/MartensiteBook

Shaw, J. A. (2008). Tips and tricks for characterizing shape memory alloy wire: part 1—differential scanning calorimetry and basic phenomena. Experimental Techniques - https://ve42.co/Shaw2008

Buehler, W. J., Gilfrich, J. V., & Wiley, R. C. (1963). Effect of low‐temperature phase changes on the mechanical properties of alloys near composition TiNi. Journal of applied physics, 34(5), 1475-1477.

Kauffman, G. B., & Mayo, I. (1997). The story of nitinol: the serendipitous discovery of the memory metal and its applications. The chemical educator, 2, 1-21. - https://ve42.co/Kauffman1997

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Benedikt Heinen, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy ‘kkm’ K’Nelson, Sam Lutfi.

▀▀▀
Written by Derek Muller, Katie Barnshaw, & Emily Zhang
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Mike Radjabov & Ivy Tello
Coordinated by Emily Zhang
Filmed by Derek Muller, Emily Zhang & Raquel Nuno
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, & Emily Zhang
Thumbnail by Ignat Berbeci

Go to our sponsor https://betterhelp.com/veritasium to get matched with a professional therapist who will listen and help.

▀▀▀
Huge thanks to the Australian Reptile Park for having us over to film – special thanks to Jake Meney for showing us the spiders and Caitlin Vine for organizing the shoot. https://www.reptilepark.com.au

Huge thanks to Dr Timothy Jackson with his help and answering our questions.

Thanks to Seqirus Australia for providing B-roll footage of the antivenom production process.


▀▀▀
References:

Pineda, S. S., Sollod, B. L., Wilson, D., Darling, A., Sunagar, K., Undheim, E. A., ... & King, G. F. (2014). Diversification of a single ancestral gene into a successful toxin superfamily in highly venomous Australian funnel-web spiders. BMC genomics, 15(1), 1-16 - https://ve42.co/Pineda2014

Isbister, G. K., Gray, M. R., Balit, C. R., Raven, R. J., Stokes, B. J., Porges, K., ... & Fisher, M. M. (2005). Funnel-web spider bite: a systematic review of recorded clinical cases. Medical journal of Australia, 182(8), 407-411 - https://ve42.co/Isbister2005

Herzig, V., Sunagar, K., Wilson, D. T., Pineda, S. S., Israel, M. R., Dutertre, S., ... & Fry, B. G. (2020). Australian funnel-web spiders evolved human-lethal δ-hexatoxins for defense against vertebrate predators. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(40), 24920-24928 - https://ve42.co/Herzig2020

Nicholson, G. M., & Graudins, A. (2002). Spiders of medical importance in the Asia–Pacific: Atracotoxin, latrotoxin and related spider neurotoxins. Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology, 29(9), 785-794 - https://ve42.co/Nicholson2002

Fletcher, J. I., Chapman, B. E., Mackay, J. P., Howden, M. E., & King, G. F. (1997). The structure of versutoxin (δ-atracotoxin-Hv1) provides insights into the binding of site 3 neurotoxins to the voltage-gated sodium channel. Structure, 5(11), 1525-1535 - https://ve42.co/Fletcher1997

Australian Reptile Park. (2022). Snake and Spider First Aid - https://ve42.co/ARPFirstAid

The Australian Museum. (20 ). Spider facts - https://ve42.co/SpiderFacts


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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Orlando Bassotto, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Benedikt Heinen, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, and Sam Lutfi


▀▀▀
Written by Katie Barnshaw & Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Filmed by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller and Jason Tran
Animation by Ivy Tello, Jakub Misiek and Fabio Albertelli
Neuron animation by Reciprocal Space – https://www.reciprocal.space
Additional video/photos supplied from Getty Images, Pond5
B-roll supplied by Seqirus Australia
Music from Epidemic Sound
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang & Katie Barnshaw

Uno de los conceptos más importantes, aunque menos comprendidos, en toda la física. Visita https://brilliant.org/veritasium para comenzar tu prueba gratuita de 30 días, ¡y las primeras 200 personas obtienen un 20% de descuento en la suscripción anual premium!

Si estás buscando un kit de modelado molecular, prueba Snatoms, un kit que inventé donde los átomos se unen magnéticamente: https://snatoms.com

▀▀▀
Un agradecimiento enorme a quienes nos ayudaron a comprender diferentes aspectos sobre el tema del video: Dr. Ashmeet Singh, Supriya Krishnamurthy, Dr. Jos Thijssen, Dr. Bijoy Bera, Dr. Timon Idema, Álvaro Bermejillo Seco y Dr. Misha Titov.

▀▀▀
Referencias:
Carnot, S. (1824). Reflexiones sobre la fuerza motriz del calor y sobre las máquinas aptas para desarrollar esa fuerza. - https://ve42.co/Carnot1890

Aprovechando el verdadero poder de los átomos | Documentales sobre Orden y Desorden, Spark a través de YouTube - https://ve42.co/OrderDisorder

Una mejor descripción de la entropía, Steve Mould a través de YouTube - https://ve42.co/Mould2016

Dugdale, J. S. (1996). Entropía y su significado físico. CRC Press. - https://ve42.co/Dugdale1996

Schroeder, D. V. (1999). Introducción a la física térmica. - https://ve42.co/Schroeder2021

Fowler, M. Motores de calor: el ciclo de Carnot, Universidad de Virginia. - https://ve42.co/Fowler2023

Chandler, D.L. (2010). Explicado: El límite de Carnot, MIT News - https://ve42.co/Chandler2010

Entropía, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/EntropyWiki

Clausius, R. (1867). La teoría mecánica del calor. Van Voorst. - https://ve42.co/Clausius1867

¿Qué es la entropía? TED-Ed a través de YouTube - https://ve42.co/Phillips2017

Thijssen, J. (2018) Apuntes de Física Estadística, TU Delft.

Schneider, E. D., & Kay, J. J. (1994). La vida como manifestación de la segunda ley de la termodinámica. Modelado matemático y computacional, 19(6-8), 25-48. - https://ve42.co/Schneider1994

Lineweaver, C. H., & Egan, C. A. (2008). Vida, gravedad y la segunda ley de la termodinámica. Revisiones de la física de la vida, 5(4), 225-242. - https://ve42.co/Lineweaver2008

Michaelian, K. (2012). Opiniones de la HESS "Catalización biológica del ciclo hidrológico: función termodinámica de la vida". Hidrología y Ciencias de la Tierra, 16(8), 2629-2645. - https://ve42.co/Michaelian2012

England, J. L. (2013). Física estadística de la autoreplicación. El Journal of chemical physics, 139(12), 09B623_1. - https://ve42.co/England2013

England, J. L. (2015). Adaptación disipativa en la autoorganización impulsada. Nanotecnología de la naturaleza, 10(11), 919-923. - https://ve42.co/England2015

Wolchover, N. (2014). Una nueva teoría de la física de la vida, Quantamagazine - https://ve42.co/Wolchover2014

Lineweaver, C. H. (2013). La entropía del universo y el principio de la máxima producción de entropía. En Más allá de la segunda ley: Producción de entropía y sistemas no equilibrio (pp. 415-427). Berlín, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - https://ve42.co/LineweaverEntropy

Bekenstein, J.D. (1972). Agujeros negros y la segunda ley. Lett. Nuovo Cimento 4, 737–740. - https://ve42.co/Bekenstein1972

Carroll, S.M. (2022). Las Ideas Más Grandes del Universo: Espacio, Tiempo y Movimiento. Grupo Editorial Penguin. - https://ve42.co/Carroll2022

Termodinámica de agujeros negros, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/BlackHoleTD

Cosmología y la flecha del tiempo: Sean Carroll en TEDxCaltech, Charlas TEDx a través de YouTube - https://ve42.co/CarrollTEDx

Carroll, S. M. (2008). Los orígenes cósmicos de la flecha del tiempo. Scientific American, 298(6), 48-57. - https://ve42.co/Carroll2008

El Paso del Tiempo y el Significado de la Vida | Sean Carroll (Charla + Preguntas y Respuestas), Fundación Long Now a través de YouTube - https://ve42.co/CarrollLNF


▀▀▀
Escrito por Casper Mebius, Derek Muller y Petr Lebedev
Editado por Trenton Oliver y Jamie MacLeod
Animado por Mike Radjabov, Ivy Tello, Fabio Albertelli y Jakub Misiek
Filmado por Derek Muller, Albert Leung y Raquel Nuno
Video de colisiones moleculares por CSIRO's Data61 a través de YouTube: Simulación de aire
Video/fotos adicionales proporcionados por Getty Images, Pond5 y cortesía de NASA, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Goddard Flight Lab/ CI Lab, equipos científicos AIA, EVE, HMI y WMAP. Además, el Laboratorio de Visualización Avanzada en el Centro Nacional de Supercomputación, B. Robertson, L. Hernquist
Música de Epidemic Sound y Jonny Hyman
Producido por Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang y Casper Mebius.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Video en Inglés del Canal @Veritasium: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DxL2HoqLbyA

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🕹 Este canal de YouTube es administrado por: https://www.unilingo.tv/
❓ Comentarios o sugerencias de traducción: [email protected]

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#veritasiumenespañol

Will we see a new generation of airships roaming our skies? Head to https://www.odoo.com/r/veritasium to start building your own website for free.

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

▀▀▀
Thank you to Eli Dourado for letting us explore the argument he describes in his article: https://ve42.co/Dourado

A huge thank you to Dan Grossman and Nick Allman for their time, help, and expertise.

Also a massive thank you to those who helped us understand the world of modern airships, and provided valuable feedback - Prof. Barry Prentice, Gennadiy Verba, Prof.
Christoph Pflaum, Heather Roszczyk, Dr. Casey Handmer, Richard Van Trueren, & Thibault Proux.

We are also grateful for the collaboration of the companies who are working hard to make this comeback happen - Atlas LTA, Buoyant Aircraft Systems International, Hybrid Air Vehicles, LTA Research, & Flying Whales.


▀▀▀
References:

How Airships Could Overcome a Century of Failure, Bloomberg Originals via YouTube - https://ve42.co/AirshipsCoF

Why the Airship May Be the Future of Air Travel, Undecided with Matt Ferrell via YouTube - https://ve42.co/FutureAirships

Airship, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/AirshipWiki

Handmer, C. (2020). A quick note on airships. Casey Handmer’s Blog - https://ve42.co/Handmer2020

UNCTAD (2020). Review of Maritime Transport 2020 - https://ve42.co/RMT2020

National Transportation Research Center (2023). Freight Analysis Framework Version 5 (FAF5) - https://ve42.co/FAF5

Hybrid Air Vehicles (2023). HAV - https://ve42.co/HAV

LTA Research (2023). Lighter Than Air (LTA) Research - https://ve42.co/LTAResearch

OceanSkyCruises (2023). North Pole Expedition - OceanSkyCruises - https://ve42.co/NPExpedition

Flying Whales (2023). Flying Whales - https://ve42.co/FlyingWhales

Buoyant Aircraft Systems International (2023). BASI - https://ve42.co/BASI

Atlas LTA (2023). Atlas Electric Airships | Atlas LTA Airships - https://ve42.co/AtlasLTA

Prentice, B. (2021). Hydrogen gas-fuelled airships could spur development in remote communities. The Conversation - https://ve42.co/HydrogenAirships

Grossman, D. (2009). The Hindenburg Disaster. Airships - https://ve42.co/Hindenburg1

Hindenburg Disaster, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/HindenburgWiki

What happened to the Hindenburg?, Jared Owen via Youtube - https://ve42.co/Owen2019

National Museum of the U.S. Navy. USS Akron (ZRS-4) - https://ve42.co/USSAkron

USS Akron, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/USSAkronWiki


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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Benedikt Heinen, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

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Written by Casper Mebius & Derek Muller
Directed by Casper Mebius
Edited by Jack Saxon
Filmed by Derek Muller, Jamie MacLeod, Han Evans, & Raquel Nuno
Animation by Mike Radjabov & Fabio Albertelli
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5, & Envato Elements
Music from Epidemic Sound & Pond5
Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, & Han Evans


More footage & photos from:
Thermite Rail Welding video by dulevoz via YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNjosF789X4

O’Rourke, T. (2016). Chronicle Covers: When the Hindenburg burst into flames. San Francisco Chronicle - https://ve42.co/Hindenburg2

Wind turbine blade transport video by DOLL Fahrzeugbau via YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aPXuap0LZw

Wind turbine blade transport through mountains video by CGTN via Youtube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dtUrY8_1CM

Former Airship Hangar by Stefan Kühn - https://ve42.co/Aerium

This is the biggest, brightest, hottest video there is about the science of fireworks. This video is brought to you by Kiwico – go to https://kiwico.com/veritasium for your first month free!

If you're looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms - a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically: https://snatoms.com

Check out Gene’s channel here -- @PotatoJet

Massive thanks to Mike Tockstein from Pyrotechnic Innovations @PyroInnovations
and Will Scott from Las Vegas Display Fireworks Inc, for all your pyro knowledge and keeping us safe.

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Massive thanks to Gene Nagata from PotatoJet for filming this episode – check out his wonderful channel for more videos about cameras and FPV drones.

Thanks to Brandon Williams for helping with the chemistry and sourcing of materials.

Thanks to Matthew Tosh for the help with the chemistry conversation about fireworks.

Thanks to Simon Werrett for the help with the history of fireworks.

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Werrett, S. (2010). Fireworks: pyrotechnic arts and sciences in European history. University of Chicago Press

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi.

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Written by Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Ivy Tello and Fabio Albertelli
Filmed by Derek Muller, Hunter Peterson, Gene Nagata, Raquel Nuno
Production by Hunter Peterson and Stephanie Castillo
Additional video/photos supplied by Mike Tockstein/Pyrotechnic Innovations
Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, & Casper Mebius

One of the most important, yet least understood, concepts in all of physics. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

If you're looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms - a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically: https://snatoms.com

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A huge thank you to those who helped us understand different aspects of this complicated topic - Dr. Ashmeet Singh, Supriya Krishnamurthy, Dr. Jos Thijssen, Dr. Bijoy Bera, Dr. Timon Idema, Álvaro Bermejillo Seco and Dr. Misha Titov.

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References:
Carnot, S. (1824). Reflections on the motive power of heat: and on machines fitted to develop that power. - https://ve42.co/Carnot1890

Harnessing The True Power Of Atoms | Order And Disorder Documentaries, Spark via YouTube - https://ve42.co/OrderDisorder

A better description of entropy, Steve Mould via YouTube - https://ve42.co/Mould2016

Dugdale, J. S. (1996). Entropy and its physical meaning. CRC Press. - https://ve42.co/Dugdale1996

Schroeder, D. V. (1999). An introduction to thermal physics. - https://ve42.co/Schroeder2021

Fowler, M. Heat Engines: the Carnot Cycle, University of Virginia. - https://ve42.co/Fowler2023

Chandler, D.L. (2010). Explained: The Carnot Limit, MIT News - https://ve42.co/Chandler2010

Entropy, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/EntropyWiki

Clausius, R. (1867). The mechanical theory of heat. Van Voorst. - https://ve42.co/Clausius1867

What is entropy? TED-Ed via YouTube - https://ve42.co/Phillips2017

Thijssen, J. (2018) Lecture Notes Statistical Physics, TU Delft.

Schneider, E. D., & Kay, J. J. (1994). Life as a manifestation of the second law of thermodynamics. Mathematical and computer modelling, 19(6-8), 25-48. - https://ve42.co/Schneider1994

Lineweaver, C. H., & Egan, C. A. (2008). Life, gravity and the second law of thermodynamics. Physics of Life Reviews, 5(4), 225-242. - https://ve42.co/Lineweaver2008

Michaelian, K. (2012). HESS Opinions" Biological catalysis of the hydrological cycle: life's thermodynamic function". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 16(8), 2629-2645. - https://ve42.co/Michaelian2012

England, J. L. (2013). Statistical physics of self-replication. The Journal of chemical physics, 139(12), 09B623_1. - https://ve42.co/England2013

England, J. L. (2015). Dissipative adaptation in driven self-assembly. Nature nanotechnology, 10(11), 919-923. - https://ve42.co/England2015

Wolchover, N. (2014). A New Physics Theory of Life, Quantamagazine - https://ve42.co/Wolchover2014

Lineweaver, C. H. (2013). The entropy of the universe and the maximum entropy production principle. In Beyond the Second Law: Entropy Production and Non-equilibrium Systems (pp. 415-427). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - https://ve42.co/LineweaverEntropy

Bekenstein, J.D. (1972). Black holes and the second law. Lett. Nuovo Cimento 4, 737–740. - https://ve42.co/Bekenstein1972

Carroll, S.M. (2022). The Biggest Ideas in the Universe: Space, Time, and Motion. Penguin Publishing Group. - https://ve42.co/Carroll2022

Black hole thermodynamics, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/BlackHoleTD

Cosmology and the arrow of time: Sean Carroll at TEDxCaltech, TEDx Talks via YouTube - https://ve42.co/CarrollTEDx

Carroll, S. M. (2008). The cosmic origins of time’s arrow. Scientific American, 298(6), 48-57. - https://ve42.co/Carroll2008

The Passage of Time and the Meaning of Life | Sean Carroll (Talk + Q&A), Long Now Foundation via YouTube - https://ve42.co/CarrollLNF

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi.

▀▀▀
Written by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller & Petr Lebedev
Edited by Trenton Oliver & Jamie MacLeod
Animated by Mike Radjabov, Ivy Tello, Fabio Albertelli and Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller, Albert Leung & Raquel Nuno
Molecular collisions video by CSIRO's Data61 via YouTube: Simulation of air
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5 and by courtesy of NASA, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Goddard Flight Lab/ CI Lab, NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, HMI, and WMAP science teams. As well as the Advanced Visualization Laboratory at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, B. Robertson, L. Hernquist
Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, & Casper Mebius

IQ is supposed to measure intelligence, but does it? Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

▀▀▀
A huge thank you to Emeritus Professor Cecil R. Reynolds and Dr. Stuart J. Ritchie for their expertise and time.

Also a massive thank you to Prof. Steven Piantadosi and Prof. Alan S. Kaufman for helping us understand this complicated topic. As well as to Jay Zagrosky from Boston University's Questrom School of Business for providing data from his study.

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References:
Kaufman, A. S. (2009). IQ testing 101. Springer Publishing Company.

Reynolds, C. R., & Livingston, R. A. (2021). Mastering modern psychological testing. Springer International Publishing.

Ritchie, S. (2015). Intelligence: All that matters. John Murray.

Spearman, C. (1961). " General Intelligence" Objectively Determined and Measured. - https://ve42.co/Spearman1904

Binet, A., & Simon, T. (1907). Le développement de l'intelligence chez les enfants. L'Année psychologique, 14(1), 1-94.. - https://ve42.co/Binet1907

Intelligence Quotient, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/IQWiki

Radiolab Presents: G. - https://ve42.co/RadioLabG

McDaniel, M. A. (2005). Big-brained people are smarter: A meta-analysis of the relationship between in vivo brain volume and intelligence. Intelligence, 33(4), 337-346. - https://ve42.co/McDaniel2005

Deary, I. J., Strand, S., Smith, P., & Fernandes, C. (2007). Intelligence and educational achievement. Intelligence, 35(1), 13-21. - https://ve42.co/Deary2007

Lozano-Blasco, R., Quílez-Robres, A., Usán, P., Salavera, C., & Casanovas-López, R. (2022). Types of Intelligence and Academic Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Intelligence, 10(4), 123. - https://ve42.co/Blasco2022

Kuncel, N. R., & Hezlett, S. A. (2010). Fact and fiction in cognitive ability testing for admissions and hiring decisions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(6), 339-345. - https://ve42.co/Kuncel2010

Laurence, J. H., & Ramsberger, P. F. (1991). Low-aptitude men in the military: Who profits, who pays?. Praeger Publishers. - https://ve42.co/Laurence1991

Gregory, H. (2015). McNamara's Folly: The Use of Low-IQ Troops in the Vietnam War; Plus the Induction of Unfit Men, Criminals, and Misfits. Infinity Publishing.

Gottfredson, L. S., & Deary, I. J. (2004). Intelligence predicts health and longevity, but why?. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(1), 1-4. - https://ve42.co/Gottfredson2004

Sanchez-Izquierdo, M., Fernandez-Ballesteros, R., Valeriano-Lorenzo, E. L., & Botella, J. (2023). Intelligence and life expectancy in late adulthood: A meta-analysis. Intelligence, 98, 101738. - https://ve42.co/Izquierdo2023

Zagorsky, J. L. (2007). Do you have to be smart to be rich? The impact of IQ on wealth, income and financial distress. Intelligence, 35(5), 489-501. - https://ve42.co/Zagorsky2007

Strenze, T. (2007). Intelligence and socioeconomic success: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal research. Intelligence, 35(5), 401-426. - https://ve42.co/Strenze2007

Deary, I. J., Pattie, A., & Starr, J. M. (2013). The stability of intelligence from age 11 to age 90 years: the Lothian birth cohort of 1921. Psychological science, 24(12), 2361-2368. - https://ve42.co/Deary2013

Flynn, J. R. (1987). Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure. Psychological bulletin, 101(2), 171. - https://ve42.co/Flynn1987

Why our IQ levels are higher than our grandparents' | James Flynn, TED via YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vpqilhW9uI

Duckworth, A. L., Quinn, P. D., Lynam, D. R., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2011). Role of test motivation in intelligence testing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(19), 7716-7720. - https://ve42.co/Duckworth2011

Kulik, J. A., Bangert-Drowns, R. L., & Kulik, C. L. C. (1984). Effectiveness of coaching for aptitude tests. Psychological Bulletin, 95(2), 179. - https://ve42.co/Kulik1984

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Benedikt Heinen, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

▀▀▀
Written by Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, & Petr Lebedev
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Filmed by Derek Muller, Han Evans, & Raquel Nuno
Animation by Fabio Albertelli & Ivy Tello
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound
Produced by Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, & Han Evans

This is a video about some of the many times we have nearly blown up the world. Head over to
https://hensonshaving.com/veritasium and enter code 'Veritasium' for 100 free blades with the purchase of a razor. Make sure to add both the razor and the blades to your cart for the code to take effect.

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References:
List of Broken Arrows -- https://ve42.co/AtomicArchive https://ve42.co/BrokenArrowsReport
Declassified Goldsboro Report -- https://ve42.co/Goldsboro
Operation ChromeDome -- https://ve42.co/OperationChromeDome
CIA website -- https://ve42.co/CIA

Cataclysmic cargo: The hunt for four missing nuclear bombs after a B-52 crash -- https://ve42.co/WoPo
THE LAST FLIGHT OF HOBO 28 -- https://ve42.co/lastflight
The Voice of Larry Messinger is from this documentary -- https://ve42.co/Messinger
Even Without Detonation, 4 Hydrogen Bombs From ’66 Scar Spanish Village -- https://ve42.co/NYTPalomares
Decades Later, Sickness Among Airmen After a Hydrogen Bomb Accident -- https://ve42.co/NYTPalomares2
Picture of ReVelle -- https://ve42.co/JackReVelle1
Great NPR where the audio of ReVelle is from -- https://ve42.co/JackReVelle2
CIA Website -- https://ve42.co/CIA


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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

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Directed by Petr Lebedev
Written by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Ivy Tello and Mike Radjabov
Filmed by Derek Muller
Produced by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

SUSCRÍBETE para ver todos nuestros videos: @VeritasiumES

Visitamos la Armada de los Estados Unidos para probar los mejores anteojos de visión nocturna del mundo. Dirígete a https://brilliant.org/veritasium para comenzar tu prueba gratuita de 30 días, y las primeras 200 personas obtendrán un 20% de descuento en una suscripción premium anual.

Si estás buscando un kit de modelado molecular, visita https://ve42.co/SnatomsV para probar Snatoms, un kit que inventé donde los átomos se unen magnéticamente.

Un agradecimiento enorme al Dr. Ben Conley y a todo el equipo del Centro de Guerra Naval Surface, División Crane. Puedes conocer más sobre su trabajo aquí: https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Home/Warf...


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Referencias del video:
Tyson, J. (2001). Cómo funciona la visión nocturna. How Stuff Works. - https://ve42.co/HSWNightVision
Montoro, H. P. Intensificación de imágenes: la tecnología de la visión nocturna. Photonics. - https://ve42.co/PhotonicsTech
Brain Stuff - HowStuffWorks a través de YouTube - https://ve42.co/HSWVideo
Photonis a través de YouTube - https://ve42.co/Photonis
Operator Drewski a través de YouTube - https://ve42.co/NVGaming
Dispositivo de visión nocturna a través de Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/NVWiki
Intensificador de imagen a través de Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/Intensifier
Lodriguss, J. Cómo funcionan las cámaras digitales. AstroPix. - https://ve42.co/AstroPix
Kinka-Byo. (2019). ¿Cuál es la causa física del aumento de ruido a ISO alto? StackExchange. - https://ve42.co/PhotoISO
Macias, A. (2015). Las NVG secretas que usó el SEAL Team Six en la incursión contra Bin Laden. Business Insider. - https://ve42.co/BINightVision
Van Dommelen, L. Emisión termoiónica. Mecánica cuántica para ingenieros. - https://ve42.co/Thermoionic
Nave, R. (2016). Radiación de cuerpo negro. HyperPhysics. - https://ve42.co/BlackBody
Terminología de visión nocturna - Generaciones. ModArmory. - https://ve42.co/ModArmory
NASA (2018). Detectores de rayos X - Detección de corriente eléctrica. - https://ve42.co/NASAXRay

Imágenes y videos:
Informe de Osama Bin Laden, a través de CNN en YouTube - https://ve42.co/CNNOBL
Escena de incursión nocturna de Sicario, a través de Movieclips en YouTube - https://ve42.co/Sicario
Metraje de Splinter Cell, a través de Ubisoft en YouTube - https://ve42.co/SplinterCell
Escena de visión nocturna de Step Brothers, a través de masusockvevo en YouTube - https://ve42.co/StepBrothers
Informe de Ucrania, a través de CNN en YouTube - https://ve42.co/CNNUkraine
Metraje de la cámara de imagen térmica FLIR K2, a través de Teledyne FLIR en YouTube - https://ve42.co/FLIRK2
Imágenes del Observatorio de rayos X Chandra, a través de la NASA - https://ve42.co/NASAChandra

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Agradecimientos especiales a nuestros seguidores de Patreon:
Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, John H. Austin, Jr., John Kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, Meg Noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures

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Dirigido por Emily Zhang
Escrito por Emily Zhang y Derek Muller
Editado por Trenton Oliver
Animado por Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli e Ivy Tello
Filmado por Trenton Oliver, Emily Zhang, Derek Muller y Raquel Nuno
Producido por Emily Zhang y Derek Muller

Miniatura por Ren Hurley
Video/fotos adicionales proporcionados por Getty Images y Pond5
Música de Epidemic Sound

Video en Inglés del Canal @Veritasium: https://youtu.be/UAeJHAFjwPM

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SUSCRÍBETE para ver todos nuestros videos:
https://www.youtube.com/c/Veri....tasiumenespañol?sub_

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YES, THIS IS A REUPLOAD. The original was age-restricted and demonetized. To support the channel directly, you can buy Snatoms: https://ve42.co/snatoms1 https://ve42.co/amzn or support on Patreon: https://ve42.co/p

Fritz Haber is the scientist who arguably most transformed the world.
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A huge thanks to Dan Charles for writing a fantastic biography of Fritz Haber, for taking the time to talk to us about it, and providing valuable feedback. This video would not be what it is without his contributions. http://site.danielcharles.us https://ve42.co/Charles

Thanks to Tom de Prinse from Explosions and Fire for helping us with the chemistry of explosives. If you like explosions and/or fire, you will love his channel. https://www.youtube.com/c/ExplosionsFire2

Thanks to Michael Kuiper of CSIRO for the animation of the composition of air - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9JvX58aRfg

Special thanks to Sonya Pemberton, Karl Kruszelnicki, Mary Dobbie, Olivia McRae, and the patreon supporters for giving us feedback on the earlier version of this video.

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References:

The primary reference used is Vaclav Smil’s excellent book, Enriching The Earth –
Smil, V. (2004). Enriching the earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the transformation of world food production. MIT press. – https://ve42.co/Smil

Mastermind: The Rise and Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare, by Dan Charles – https://ve42.co/Charles

Stoltzenberg, D. (2004). Fritz Haber: Chemist, Nobel Laureate, German, Jew. Chemical Heritage Foundation. – https://ve42.co/Stoltzenberg

Postgate, J. R. (1982). The fundamentals of nitrogen fixation. CUP Archive. – https://ve42.co/postgate

Miles, A. G. (1992). Biological nitrogen fixation. – https://ve42.co/Miles

Friedrich, B., & Hoffmann, D. (2017). Clara Immerwahr: A life in the shadow of Fritz Haber. In One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences(pp. 45-67). Springer, Cham. – https://ve42.co/Friedrich2017

Da Silva, G. (2020). What is ammonium nitrate, the chemical that exploded in Beirut. Sci Am, 5. – https://ve42.co/Silva

Rodrigues, P., & Micael, J. (2021). The importance of guano birds to the Inca Empire and the first conservation measures implemented by humans. – https://ve42.co/rodrigues

Allison, F. E. (1957). Nitrogen and soil fertility. Soil, the, 85-94. – https://ve42.co/Allison

Crookes, W. (1898). Address of the President before the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bristol, 1898. Science, 8(200), 561-575. – https://ve42.co/Crookes

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Special thanks to Patreon supporters: RayJ Johnson, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, Julian Lee, Inconcision, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, Avi Yashchin, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Timothy O’Brien, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal

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Written by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Felicity Nelson and Kovi Rose
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animation by Jakub Mistek, Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Alex Drakoulis, Nils Ramses Kullack, and Charlie Davies
SFX by Shaun Clifford
Filmed by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller and Raquel Nuno
Photo of nitrogen deficiency in rice from https://ve42.co/rice
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound: https://ve42.co/music

J. Robert Oppenheimer forever changed the course of history. He may be the most important physicist to have ever lived. Part of this video is sponsored by Wren. Offset your carbon footprint on Wren: ​https://www.wren.co/start/veritasium1 For the first 100 people who sign up, I will personally pay for the first month of your subscription!

If you want to learn more about Oppeheimer, I strongly recommend the book “American Prometheus” By Kai Bird and Martin Sherwin. It is a remarkable book, very much deserving of the Pulitzer prize it received.

If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV

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A huge thank you to Dr. Martin Rohde and Dr. Antonia Denkova from the TU Delft for proofreading the script and providing valuable feedback.

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References:

Bird, K., & Sherwin, M. J. (2021). American Prometheus: the triumph and tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. Atlantic Books.

Smith, A. K., & Weiner, C. (1980). Robert Oppenheimer: letters and recollections. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 36(5), 19-27. - https://ve42.co/Smith1980

Combes, J. M., Duclos, P., & Seiler, R. (1981). The born-oppenheimer approximation. Rigorous atomic and molecular physics, 185-213. - https://ve42.co/Combes1981

Rhodes, R. (2012). The making of the atomic bomb. Simon and Schuster.

Oppenheimer, J. R., & Volkoff, G. M. (1939). On massive neutron cores. Physical Review, 55(4), 374. - https://ve42.co/Oppenheimer1939b

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Ignition of the atmosphere with nuclear bombs -- https://ve42.co/Konopinski46

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Written by Petr Lebedev & Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver & Katrina Jackson
Filmed by Derek Muller
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