Curiosity
This is a video about the most famous problem in Game Theory, the Prisoner’s Dilemma. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever:
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If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV
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A massive thank you to Prof. Robert Axelrod and Prof. Steven Strogatz for their expertise and time.
To read more about Prof. Axelrod’s Passion for Cooperation visit: https://ve42.co/Axelrod2023
A massive thanks to the wonderful Nicky Case. Nicky’s “The Evolution of Trust” game was a huge inspiration for this video. We highly recommend you play this excellent game yourself, over at: https://ncase.me/trust/
A huge thank you to those who helped us understand and fact check different parts of this topic - Dr. Christian Hilbe, Dr. Vincent Knight, Dr. Jelena Grujic, Prof. Andreas Diekmann, and Dr. Alexander Stewart.
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References:
Excellent game on the evolution of trust by Nicky Case - https://ve42.co/Case2023
Summary of Axelrod’s work by This Place - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BOvAbjfJ0x0
How to outsmart the Prisoner’s Dilemma by TED-Ed - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=emyi4z-O0ls&pp=ygUScHJpc29uZXIncyBkaWxlbW1h
Tit for Tat by radiolab - https://ve42.co/T4T
The Golden Rule by radiolab - https://ve42.co/GoldenRule
Axelrod, R. (1984). The Evolution of Cooperation.
Dawkins, R. (2016). The selfish gene. Oxford university press.
Poundstone, W. (1992). Prisoner's Dilemma. William Poundstone.
Nowak, M. A., & Highfield, R. (2011). Supercooperators. Edinburgh: Canongate.
Binmore, K. (2007). Game theory: a very short introduction. OUP Oxford.
Northrup, L. & Rock, D. (1966). The Detection of Joe I. - https://ve42.co/JOE1
Prisoner’s dilemma, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiPD
Prisoner’s Dilemma, Stanford - https://ve42.co/StanfordPD
Flood, M. M. (1952). Some experimental games. - https://ve42.co/Flood1952
Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiNWS
Goodwin, I. (1998). The Price of Victory in Cold War - https://ve42.co/Goodwin1998
Cold war: How it happened. - https://ve42.co/CW2014
Axelrod, R. (1980). Effective choice in the prisoner's dilemma. Journal of conflict resolution, 24(1), 3-25. - https://ve42.co/Axelrod1980a
Axelrod, R. (1980). More effective choice in the prisoner's dilemma. Journal of conflict resolution, 24(3), 379-403. - https://ve42.co/Axelrod1980b
Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. science, 211(4489), 1390-1396. https://ve42.co/Axelrod1981
Stanislav Petrov, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiSP
Wu, J., & Axelrod, R. (1995). How to cope with noise in the iterated prisoner's dilemma. Journal of Conflict resolution, 39(1), 183-189. - https://ve42.co/Wu1995
INF Treaty - https://ve42.co/INF
START Treaties - https://ve42.co/START
START I, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiSTART
Images & Video:
RAND Historical images via rand.org - https://ve42.co/RAND
Golden Balls - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S0qjK3TWZE8
Zotti, G., et al. (2021). The Simulated Sky: Stellarium for Cultural Astronomy Research - https://ve42.co/Stellarium
Newspapers from 1980s via Newspapers.com – https://ve42.co/Newspapers
Decommisioned nuke image via The Moscow Times - https://ve42.co/MT2012
Soviet inspection image via Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists - https://ve42.co/Krzyzaniak2019
Decommissioning nuclear weapon via ShareAmerica - https://ve42.co/Kaufman2014
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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, Max Maladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures
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Directed by Casper Mebius
Written by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Ashley Hamer
Additional research and fact checking by Gregor Čavlović and Will Wood
Edited by Peter Nelson
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello and Alondra Vitae
Illustrations by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller
Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Gregor Čavlović and Han Evans
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound
Thumbnail by Peter Sheppard
The blue LED was supposed to be impossible—until a young engineer proposed a moonshot idea. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever:
https://ve42.co/PatreonDEB
Huge thanks to the UC Santa Barbara Materials Dept (https://ssleec.ucsb.edu/) for taking us around.
Thanks to Álvaro Bermejillo Seco for reviewing the science.
Thanks to these especially helpful sources:
Nobel Prize Biography - Shuji Nakamura - https://ve42.co/NakamuraNobel
Johnstone, B. (2015). Brilliant!. Prometheus Books. - https://ve42.co/Johnstone2015
Nakamura, S., Pearton, S., & Fasol, G. (2010). The Blue Laser Diode: The Complete Story. Springer. - https://ve42.co/Nakamura2010
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References:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8M2z2hIbag
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGUteH93xNo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=idwKHQEw78g
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yoTALRhAqWc
Touchstone, L. A. (2022). Nick Holonyak Jr. University of Illinois. - https://ve42.co/Touchstone2022
Perry, T. S. (1995). The Unsung Inventor. IEEE Spectrum. - https://ve42.co/Perry1995
Chabay, R. & Sherwood, B. (2011). Matter & interactions (4th ed.), S2: Semiconductors. Wiley. - https://ve42.co/ChabaySherwood
How MOCVD Works via Aixtron - https://ve42.co/MOCVD
Vangala, S. R., et al. (2019). Epitaxial growth of ZnSe on GaAs. Journal of Crystal Growth. - https://ve42.co/Vangala2019
Nakamura, S. (1991). GaN Growth Using GaN Buffer Layer. JJAP. - https://ve42.co/Nakamura3rd1991
Amano, H., et al. (1989). P-Type Conduction in Mg-Doped GaN w/ LEEBI. JJAP. - https://ve42.co/Amano1989
Huang, M., et al. (2021). Defects in Mg–H‐Codoped GaN. Physica Status Solidi. - https://ve42.co/Huang2021
Schubert, E. F. (2006). Light Emitting Diodes, Ch 4: LED basics. Cambridge University Press. - https://ve42.co/RPI-LEDs
Kitada, C. (2001). Blue About Japan. Japan Inc. - https://ve42.co/Kitada2001
Whitaker, T. (2002). Nakamura loses Nichia patent battle. Optics.org. - https://ve42.co/NichiaSales3
Pirates Osaka. (2014). Nakamura awarded Nobel Prize in Physics. Hatena Blog. - https://ve42.co/NichiaSales1
Growth Bozu via Twitter. - https://ve42.co/NichiaSales2
Rose, J. (2014). Blue LEDs – Filling the world with new light. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. - https://ve42.co/Rose2014
Pattison, P. M., et al. (2017). LED lighting efficacy. Comptes Rendus Physique. - https://ve42.co/Pattison2017
Electricity pricing via EIA - https://ve42.co/ElectricityPricing
Lane, K., et al. (2023). Lighting. IEA. - https://ve42.co/LightingIEA
LED Footprint via The Climate Group - https://ve42.co/ClimateGroupLED
Nichia’s History via Nichia - https://ve42.co/NichiaHistory
Shuji Nakamura via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/NakamuraWiki
Images & Video:
Lighting the World via UCTVInsight on YouTube - https://ve42.co/UCTVep2 & https://ve42.co/UCTVep3
Palo Alto Times 1971 Article via Newspapers.com - https://ve42.co/Newspapers
Nick Holonyak, Jr. and the LED via UIUC on YouTube - https://ve42.co/HolonyakIllinois
The Original Blue LED via Science History Institute on YouTube - https://ve42.co/OGBlueLED
Maxfield, M. (2022). Compound Semiconductors. EE Journal. - https://ve42.co/Maxfield2022
M. Stutzmann, et al. (2001). Playing with Polarity. pss (b). - https://ve42.co/Stutzman2001
Isamu Akasaki in 1995 via Andrey Nikolaev on YouTube - https://ve42.co/AsakiNikolaev
Pioneer TX-610 Stereo Tuner via Ian Marino on YouTube - https://ve42.co/StereoMarino
Shuji Nakamura via EPO on YouTube - https://ve42.co/NakamuraEPO
Nichia Campus via Nichia on LinkedIn - https://ve42.co/NichiaHQ
Nichia via TDElektronik on YouTube - https://ve42.co/NichiaTDE
Violeds Sterilization of COVID-19 via Seoul Viosys - https://ve42.co/SterilizationUV
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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Chris Harper, Max Paladino, Balkrishna Heroor, Adam Foreman, Orlando Bassotto, Tj Steyn, meg noah, KeyWestr, TTST, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, David Johnston, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi
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Directed by Emily Zhang
Written by Emily Zhang, Ricky Nathvani, and Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Mike Radjabov, David Szakaly, Ivy Tello, and Alondra Vitae
Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, and Trenton Oliver
Additional research by Gregor Čavlović
Produced by Emily Zhang, Han Evans, Gregor Čavlović, and Derek Muller
Thumbnail by Ren Hurley
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound
The most famous equation in finance, the Black-Scholes/Merton equation, came from physics. It launched an industry worth trillions of dollars and led to the world’s best investments. Go to https://www.eightsleep.com/veritasium and use the code Veritasium for $200 off your Pod Cover.
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever:
https://ve42.co/PatreonDEB
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV
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A huge thank you to Prof. Andrew Lo (MIT) for speaking with us and helping with the script.
We would also like to thank the following:
Prof. Amanda Turner (University of Leeds)
Owen Maher (Electrify Video Partners)
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References:
The Man Who Solved the Market: How Jim Simons launched the quant revolution, Gregory Zuckerman. Penguin Publishing Group. - https://ve42.co/GZuckerman
The Physics of Finance: Predicting the Unpredictable: Can Science Beat the Market? James Owen Weatherall. Short Books. - https://ve42.co/FinancePhysics
The Statistical Mechanics of Financial Markets, J.Voigt. Springer. - https://ve42.co/Springer
Black, F., & Scholes, M. (1973). The pricing of options and corporate liabilities. Journal of political economy, 81(3), 637-654. - https://ve42.co/BlackScholes
Cornell, B. (2020). Medallion fund: The ultimate counterexample?. The Journal of Portfolio Management, 46(4), 156-159. - https://ve42.co/Medallion
Images & Video:
Ed Thorp on The Tim Ferris Show - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CNvz91Jyzbg
Jim Simons on TED - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5kIdtMJGc8
Jim Simons on Numberphile - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNznD9hMEh0
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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I.H., John H. Austin, Jr. ,john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures
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Directed by Will Wood and Derek Muller
Written by Will Wood, Emily Zhang, Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller
Camera operation by Raquel Nuno
Additional research by Gregor Čavlović
Edited by Jack Saxon and Trenton Oliver
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly and Will Wood
Produced by Will Wood, Han Evans and Derek Muller
Thumbnail by Ren Hurley
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound
The number 37 is on your mind more than you think. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
Huge thanks to Tom Magliery for sharing his 37 collection with us. Support http://thirty-seven.org by sharing your own 37 sightings to tom@thirty-seven.org!
Thanks to Dr. Todd Landman, the Academic Magician, for sharing his footage of the 37 Force. - https://www.todd-landman.com/
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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDE
Sam Lutfi, Lee Redden, Juan Benet, Richard Sundvall, Paul Peijzel, Gnare, Michael Krugman, Meekay, Ubiquity Ventures, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Bill Linder, Evgeny Skvortsov, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, john kiehl, Blake Byers, Stephen Wilcox, John H. Austin, Jr., Josh Hibschman, TTST, Orlando Bassotto, Anton Ragin, David Johnston, KeyWestr, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Chris Harper, Adam Foreman, Max Paladino, Balkrishna Heroor, I. H., Garrett Mueller, Bertrand Serlet, Kyi, wolfee, Matthias Wrobel
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV
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References:
Simon, W. E. (1972). “Blue Seven Phenomenon” in Elementary and Jr. High Children. Psychological Reports - https://ve42.co/Simon1972
Trueman, J. (1979). Existence & Robustness of Blue Seven Phenomena. The Journal of General Psychology - https://ve42.co/Trueman1979
Saito, M. (1999). “Blue and Seven Phenomena” in Japanese Students. Perceptual & Motor Skills - https://ve42.co/Saito1999
Philbrick, J. L. (1976). Blue seven in East Africa: Preliminary report. Perceptual & Motor Skills - https://ve42.co/Philbrick1976
Hargreaves, S. (2009). The psychology of randomness. - https://ve42.co/Hargreaves2009
The 37 Force via The Magician’s Forum - https://ve42.co/37Force1
Fulves, K. (1979) Self-Working Mental Magic. Dover Publications, Inc. - https://ve42.co/Fulves1979
Random numbers via The Jargon File at catb.org - https://ve42.co/Jargon
Random Number Survey by MahoganyForest via Reddit - https://ve42.co/RedditRndm
Prime number theorem via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiPNT
Grossack, C. (2023). A truly incredible fact about the number 37. Grossack.site - https://ve42.co/Grossack2023
Least prime factor of n via oeis.org - https://ve42.co/LeastPrime
Fry, H. (2017). When should you settle down? ideas.ted.com - https://ve42.co/Fry2017
Choosing Toilets by Numberphile - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XIOoCKO-ybQ
Seaton, R. (2014). The Secretary Problem Explained: Dating Mathematically. rs.io - https://ve42.co/Seaton2014
Images & Video:
Just 37 by Tom Magliery - https://ve42.co/Just37
R4000 Processor via Molecular Expressions - https://ve42.co/micro37
The “37” Cluster by Noel Carboni - https://ve42.co/NGC2169
Charles Fleischer via Wikimedia - https://ve42.co/Fleischer
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Directed by Emily Zhang
Written by Emily Zhang and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Asst edited by Luke Molloy
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, and Leigh Williamson
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Emily Zhang, Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Michael Cimpher, and David Szasz
Additional research by Gregor Čavlović
Produced by Emily Zhang, Giovanna Utichi, Han Evans, and Emily Taylor
Thumbnail contributions by Ignat Berbeci, Ren Hurley, and Peter Sheppard
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound
Do odd perfect numbers exist? Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join this list to help us keep our videos free, forever:
https://ve42.co/PatreonDEB
A massive thank you to Prof. Pace Nielsen for all his time and help with this video.
A big thank you to Dr. Asaf Karagila, Pascal Ochem, Prof. Tianxin Cai, and Prof. William Dunham for their expertise and help.
To try GIMPS out yourself: https://ve42.co/GIMPS
These sources were particularly helpful:
Perfect numbers via MacTutor - https://ve42.co/MTPerfect
Cai, T. (2022). Perfect numbers and fibonacci sequences. World Scientific. - https://ve42.co/Cai2022
Dunham, W. (2022). Euler: The master of us all (Vol. 22). American Mathematical Society. - https://ve42.co/Dunham2022
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References:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T0xKHwQH-4I&pp=ygUPcGVyZmVjdCBudW1iZXJz
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8n15q1v4Xo&pp=ygUPcGVyZmVjdCBudW1iZXJz
Dickson, L. E. (1919). History of the Theory of Numbers.. (Vol. 1). Carnegie Institution of Washington.
Knill, O. (2007). The oldest open problem in mathematics. NEU Math Circle, December2. - https://ve42.co/Knill2007
Perfect number via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiPerfect
Introduction to Arithmetic via HalthiTrust - https://ve42.co/IntroArithmetic
Nicomachus of Gerasa via MacTutor - https://ve42.co/MTNicomachus
Sonja, B. (1988). The First Perfect Numbers and Three Types of Amicable Numbers in a Manuscript on Elementary Number Theory by Ibn Fellûs. Erdem, c. IV, 11. - https://ve42.co/Sonja1988
Ibn Fallus via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiFallus
Mersenne prime via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiMP
List of Known Mersenne Prime Numbers - https://ve42.co/ListOfMP
Marin Mersenne via MacTutor - https://ve42.co/MTMersenne
Leonhard Euler via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiEuler
Frank Nelson Cole via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiFNCole
GIMPS History via Mersenne.org - https://ve42.co/GIMPSHistory
EFF Cooperative Computing Awards via EFF - https://ve42.co/EFFAwards
Jonathan Pace via Primewiki - https://ve42.co/PWikiPace
Book with just one number sells out in Japan via BastillePost - https://ve42.co/PrimeBook
Predicted distribution of Mersenne primes via John D. Cook - https://ve42.co/JDCookMP
Euler’s Odd Perfect Numbers Theorem via Cantor's Paradise - https://ve42.co/EulerOPN
A Perfect (Math) Mystery via Medium - https://ve42.co/Machado2024
Brent, R. P., Cohen, G. L., & te Riele, H. J. (1991). Improved techniques for lower bounds for odd perfect numbers. Mathematics of Computation, 57(196), 857-868. - https://ve42.co/Brent1991
Ochem, P., & Rao, M. (2012). Odd perfect numbers are greater than 10¹⁵⁰⁰. Mathematics of Computation, 81(279), 1869-1877. - https://ve42.co/Ochem2012
Mathematicians Open a New Front on an Ancient Number Problem via Quantamagazine - https://ve42.co/QuantaSpoofs
Descartes number via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiDescartesNumber
Andersen, N., Durham, S., Griffin, M. J., Hales, J., Jenkins, P., Keck, R., ... & Wu, D. (2022). Odd, spoof perfect factorizations. Journal of Number Theory, 234, 31-47. - https://ve42.co/Andersen2022
Pomerance’s Heuristic that Odd Perfect Numbers are Unlikely via OddPerfect.org - https://ve42.co/Heuristic
Images & Video:
Clip of Piergiorgio Odifreddi - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y0paHEA8-gA
Euclid’s Elements 1 via Claymath - https://ve42.co/CM1
Euclid’s Elements 2 via Claymath - https://ve42.co/CM2
Euclid’s Elements 3 via Claymath - https://ve42.co/CM3
Diophanti - https://ve42.co/Diophanti
Gauss book - https://ve42.co/GaussDis
Euler’s Archive 1 - https://ve42.co/Euler1
Euler’s Archive 2 - https://ve42.co/Euler2
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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I.H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee
▀▀▀
Directed by Casper Mebius
Written by Casper Mebius and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly, Alondra Vitae, Alex Drakoulis, and Leigh Williamson
Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, and Peter Nelson
Additional research by Aaron Santos, Camilla Machado, and Gregor Čavlović
Produced by Casper Mebius, Gregor Čavlović, Han Evans, and Derek Muller
Thumbnail by Ren Hurley
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound
10 Hacks to take your ChatGPT prompting skills to the next level! 🔝
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This lab measures the tiniest forces in the universe. This video is sponsored by Brilliant. You can get started for free, or the first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription.
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Thanks to Rich Press and NIST for the great visit.
Thanks to Dr. Gordon Shaw for showing us around his lab and teaching us about measuring tiny forces.
You can check out all the cool work going on at NIST here: https://www.nist.gov/
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References:
Lee, J. (2016). Measuring Tiny Forces With Light. NIST. – https://ve42.co/Lee2016
Melcher, J., Stirling, J., Guzman, F., Pratt, J. & Shaw, G. (2014). A self-calibrating optomechanical force sensor with femtonewton resolution. Applied Physics Letters. – https://ve42.co/Melcher2014
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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Bernard McGee, James Sanger, Elliot Miller, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, John H. Austin Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Eric Sexton, John Kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Mike Schneider, John Bauer, Jim Buckmaster, Juan Benet, Sunil Nagaraj, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi
▀▀▀
Written by Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animation by Ivy Tello
Filmed by Derek Muller, Trenton Oliver, and Emily Zhang
Additional video/photos supplied by Pond5 & Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang
Lightbulbs might be the best idea ever – just not for light. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.
A huge thanks to David Lovett for showing me his awesome relay and vacuum tube based computers. Check out his YouTube channel @UsagiElectric
▀▀▀
References:
Herring, C., & Nichols, M. H. (1949). Thermionic emission. Reviews of modern physics, 21(2), 185. – https://ve42.co/Herring1949
Goldstine, H. H., & Goldstine, A. (1946). The electronic numerical integrator and computer (eniac). Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation, 2(15), 97-110. – https://ve42.co/ENIAC
Shannon, C. E. (1938). A symbolic analysis of relay and switching circuits. Electrical Engineering, 57(12), 713-723. – https://ve42.co/Shannon38
Boole, G. (1847). The mathematical analysis of logic. Philosophical Library. – https://ve42.co/Boole1847
The world’s first general purpose computer turns 75 – https://ve42.co/ENIAC2
Dylla, H. F., & Corneliussen, S. T. (2005). John Ambrose Fleming and the beginning of electronics. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 23(4), 1244-1251. – https://ve42.co/Dylla2005
Stibitz, G. R. (1980). Early computers. In A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century (pp. 479-483). Academic Press.
ENIAC’s Hydrogen Bomb Calculations – https://ve42.co/ENIAC3
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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Benedikt Heinen, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy ‘kkm’ K’Nelson, Sam Lutfi.
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Written by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller and Kovi Rose
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Mike Radjabov, Ivy Tello and Fabio Albertelli
Filmed by Derek Muller & Raquel Nuno
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, & Emily Zhang
Thumbnail by Ignat Berbeci
Welcome to Micromouse, the fastest maze-solving competition on Earth. Join Onshape’s community of over 3 million CAD users by creating a free account here: https://Onshape.pro/Veritasium.
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A huge thank you to Peter Harrison for all of his help introducing us to the world of Micromouse – check out https://ukmars.org & https://micromouseonline.com.
Thank you to David Otten, APEC, and the All-Japan Micromouse Competition for having us.
Thank you to Juing-Hei (https://www.youtube.com/@suhu9379) & Derek Hall (https://www.youtube.com/@MicroMouse) for usage of their micromouse videos.
Thank you to John McBride, Yusaku Kanagawa, and Katie Barnshaw for their help with Japanese translations.
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References:
Claude Shannon Demonstrates Machine Learning, AT&T Tech Channel Archive - https://ve42.co/ClaudeShannon
Mighty mouse, MIT News Magazine - https://ve42.co/MightyMouse
History, Micromouse Online Blog - https://ve42.co/MMHistory
Christiansen, D. (1977). Spectral lines: Announcing the Amazing Micro-Mouse Maze Contest. IEEE Spectrum, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 27-27 - https://ve42.co/Christiansen1977
Allan, R. (1979). Microprocessors: The amazing micromice: See how they won: Probing the innards of the smartest and fastest entries in the Amazing Micro-Mouse Maze Contest. IEEE Spectrum, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 62-65, - https://ve42.co/Allan1979
1977-79 – “MOONLIGHT SPECIAL” Battelle Inst. (American), CyberNetic Zoo - https://ve42.co/MoonlightSpecial
Christiansen, D. (2014). The Amazing MicroMouse Roars On. Spectral Lines - https://ve42.co/Christiansen2014
1986 - MicroMouse history, competition & how it got started in the USA, via YouTube - https://ve42.co/MMArchiveYT
The first World Micromouse Contest in Tsubuka, Japan, August 1985 [1/2] by TKsTclip via YouTube - https://ve42.co/MMTsukubaYT
IEEE. (2018). Micromouse Competition Rules - https://ve42.co/IEEERules
Tondra, D. (2004). The Inception of Chedda: A detailed design and analysis of micromouse. University of Nevada - https://ve42.co/Tondra2004
Braunl, T. (1999). Research relevance of mobile robot competitions. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 32-37 - https://ve42.co/Braunl1999
All Japan Micromouse 2017 by Peter Harrison, Micromouse Online - https://ve42.co/RedComet
Winning record of the national competition micromouse (half size) competition. mm3sakusya @ wiki (Google translated from Japanese) - https://ve42.co/JapanFinishTimes
The Fosbury Flop—A Game-Changing Technique, Smithsonian Magazine - https://ve42.co/FosburyFlop
Gold medal winning heights in the Men's and Women's high jump at the Summer Olympics from 1896 to 2020, Statistica - https://ve42.co/HighJump
Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., & Soon, P. L. (2016). Design and realization of two-wheel micro-mouse diagonal dashing. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 31(4), 2299-2306. - https://ve42.co/Zhang2016
Micromouse Turn List, Keri’s Lab - https://ve42.co/MMTurns
Green Ye via YouTube - https://ve42.co/Greenye
Classic Micromouse, Excel 9a. Demonstrate fan suction, by TzongYong Khiew via YouTube - https://ve42.co/MMFanYT
Vacuum Micromouse by Eliot, HACKADAY - https://ve42.co/MMVacuum
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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi.
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Written by Tom Lum and Emily Zhang
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Ivy Tello
Coordinated by Emily Zhang
Filmed by Yusaku Kanagawa, Emily Zhang, and Derek Muller
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound
Thumbnail by Ren Hurley and Ignat Berbeci
References by Katie Barnshaw
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang
Concrete = cement + sand + gravel. Cement is the most important man-made material on Earth. Offset your carbon footprint on Wren: https://wren.co/veritasium . For the first 100 people who sign up, I will personally pay for the first month of your subscription!
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A huge thank you to Nevada Ready Mix for being willing to bury me in concrete, especially Elu Chavez and Mike Sherwood. https://www.nevadareadymix.com
And to Brandon Birchak of Six Foot Productions for providing the big fish bowl, safety equipment, planning and filming: https://www.sixfootcreations.com
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References:
Instant stone (just add water), Roots of Progress, https://rootsofprogress.org/in....stant-stone-just-add
https://rootsofprogress.org/cement-redux
Cement Chemistry and Sustainable Cementitious Materials
https://www.youtube.com/@cemen....tchemistryandsustain
Ahmad, S., Lawan, A., & Al-Osta, M. (2020). Effect of sugar dosage on setting time, microstructure and strength of Type I and Type V Portland cements. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 13, e00364. – https://ve42.co/Ahmad2020
Seymour, L. M., Maragh, J., Sabatini, P., Di Tommaso, M., Weaver, J. C., & Masic, A. (2023). Hot mixing: Mechanistic insights into the durability of ancient Roman concrete. Science advances, 9(1), eadd1602. -- https://ve42.co/Seymour2023
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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., Eric Sexton, john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Benedikt Heinen, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi.
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Written by Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Filmed by Raquel Nuno, Austin Bradley and Bryson
Animated by Ivy Tello & Mike Radjabov
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman: the Bill Wurtz inspired ‘Skyscrapers are made of sea shells’
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, & Emily Zhang
Existe toda una rama de las matemáticas dedicada simplemente a los nudos… y ha cambiado el mundo. Te ayudaremos, puedes ir a https://brilliant.org/veritasium para comenzar tu prueba gratuita de 30 días y las primeras 200 personas obtendrán un 20 % de descuento en una suscripción premium anual.
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Muchas gracias al Prof. Colin Adams por su excelente ayuda al guiarnos a través del mundo de los nudos.
Muchas gracias al Prof. Doug Smith, Dorian Raymer, el Prof. David Leigh y la Prof. Dorothy Buck por ayudarnos a comprender las aplicaciones de la teoría de nudos.
Muchas gracias al Prof. Dan Silver y al Prof. Jim Hoste por hablar con nosotros sobre la historia y la tabulación de nudos.
Si quieres aprender más sobre los nudos y jugar con ellos tú mismo, consulta:
La increíble herramienta KnotPlot: https://knotplot.com/. ¡Gracias a Rob Scharein por brindarnos ayuda técnica también!
Una tabla de nudos y todas sus invariantes: https://knotinfo.math.indiana.edu/
Knot Atlas para obtener información general sobre nudos: http://katlas.org/wiki/Main_Page
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Referencias en vídeo de la teoría de nudos: https://ve42.co/KnotTheoryRefs
Imágenes y vídeo:
Alexander cortando el nudo gordiano por Donato Creti vía Fine Art America - https://ve42.co/GordianCut
Tablet de Indus Valley a través de Quora - https://ve42.co/IndusValley
Páginas del Libro de Kells a través del National Trust of Scotland: https://ve42.co/BookOfKells
Diseños celtas medievales de @thebookofkellsofficial a través de Instagram - https://ve42.co/KellsInsta
Nudos chinos de YWang9174 a través de Wikimedia Commons - https://ve42.co/Panchang
Cables Quipu de Pi3.124 vía Wikimedia Commons - https://ve42.co/Quipu
Heráldica de Borromeo a través de Terre Borromeo - https://ve42.co/Borromeo
Carta de Birman/Jones vía Celebratio Mathematica - https://ve42.co/JonesBirman
Nudo de trébol molecular de piedra M a través de Wikimedia Commons - https://ve42.co/TrefoilMolecule
Estructura de rayos X del nudo trébol por Ll0103 a través de Wikimedia Commons - https://ve42.co/XrayTrefoil
Animación de bacterias de Your Body's Molecular Machines por Drew Berry a través del Instituto de Investigación Médica Walter y Eliza Hall - http://wehi.tv
Topoisomerasa y nudos de Orlandini et al. Sinergia de la topoisomerasa. PNAS, vol. 116, núm. 17, 2019, págs. 8149–8154. – https://ve42.co/Orlandini2019
KnotProt 2.0: una base de datos de proteínas con nudos y nudos corredizos - https://ve42.co/Knotprot
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Un agradecimiento especial a nuestros seguidores de Patreon:
Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures
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Dirigido por Emily Zhang
Escrito por Emily Zhang y Derek Muller
Editado por Trenton Oliver.
Animado por Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Jakub Misiek y Mike Radjabov.
Filmado por Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno y Emily Zhang
Producido por Emily Zhang y Derek Muller
Miniatura de Ignat Berbeci y Mike Radjabov
Vídeo/fotos adicionales proporcionadas por Getty Images y Pond5
Música de Epidemic Sound
____
🕹 Este canal de Youtube es administrado por: https://www.unilingo.tv/
❓Comentarios o sugerencias de traducción: info@unilingo.tv
NASA have made a wheel capable of withstanding tough Martian terrain, but just how indestructible is it? Head to https://hensonshaving.com/veritasium and enter code 'Veritasium' for 100 free blades with the purchase of a razor. Make sure to add both the razor and the blades to your cart for the code to take effect.
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A huge thanks to everyone at NASA Glenn Research Center for having us at the SLOPE Lab, showing their work on this indestructible tire, and helping with the science and animation.
A huge thanks to everyone at Smart Tire Co for showing us around their facility, teaching us about nitinol, and letting us flatten their tires.
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References:
Steel Rod Footage - https://ve42.co/SteelRod
H. Föll. 8.4.1 - Martensite. University of Kiel, Faculty of Engineering - https://ve42.co/Foell
Bhattacharya, K. (1998). Theory of martensitic microstructure and the shape-memory effect - https://ve42.co/Bhattacharya1998
Bhattacharya, K. (2003). Microstructure of martensite: why it forms and how it gives rise to the shape-memory effect (Vol. 2). Oxford University Press. - https://ve42.co/MartensiteBook
Shaw, J. A. (2008). Tips and tricks for characterizing shape memory alloy wire: part 1—differential scanning calorimetry and basic phenomena. Experimental Techniques - https://ve42.co/Shaw2008
Buehler, W. J., Gilfrich, J. V., & Wiley, R. C. (1963). Effect of low‐temperature phase changes on the mechanical properties of alloys near composition TiNi. Journal of applied physics, 34(5), 1475-1477.
Kauffman, G. B., & Mayo, I. (1997). The story of nitinol: the serendipitous discovery of the memory metal and its applications. The chemical educator, 2, 1-21. - https://ve42.co/Kauffman1997
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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Benedikt Heinen, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy ‘kkm’ K’Nelson, Sam Lutfi.
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Written by Derek Muller, Katie Barnshaw, & Emily Zhang
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Mike Radjabov & Ivy Tello
Coordinated by Emily Zhang
Filmed by Derek Muller, Emily Zhang & Raquel Nuno
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images & Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, & Emily Zhang
Thumbnail by Ignat Berbeci
Go to our sponsor https://betterhelp.com/veritasium to get matched with a professional therapist who will listen and help.
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Huge thanks to the Australian Reptile Park for having us over to film – special thanks to Jake Meney for showing us the spiders and Caitlin Vine for organizing the shoot. https://www.reptilepark.com.au
Huge thanks to Dr Timothy Jackson with his help and answering our questions.
Thanks to Seqirus Australia for providing B-roll footage of the antivenom production process.
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References:
Pineda, S. S., Sollod, B. L., Wilson, D., Darling, A., Sunagar, K., Undheim, E. A., ... & King, G. F. (2014). Diversification of a single ancestral gene into a successful toxin superfamily in highly venomous Australian funnel-web spiders. BMC genomics, 15(1), 1-16 - https://ve42.co/Pineda2014
Isbister, G. K., Gray, M. R., Balit, C. R., Raven, R. J., Stokes, B. J., Porges, K., ... & Fisher, M. M. (2005). Funnel-web spider bite: a systematic review of recorded clinical cases. Medical journal of Australia, 182(8), 407-411 - https://ve42.co/Isbister2005
Herzig, V., Sunagar, K., Wilson, D. T., Pineda, S. S., Israel, M. R., Dutertre, S., ... & Fry, B. G. (2020). Australian funnel-web spiders evolved human-lethal δ-hexatoxins for defense against vertebrate predators. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(40), 24920-24928 - https://ve42.co/Herzig2020
Nicholson, G. M., & Graudins, A. (2002). Spiders of medical importance in the Asia–Pacific: Atracotoxin, latrotoxin and related spider neurotoxins. Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology, 29(9), 785-794 - https://ve42.co/Nicholson2002
Fletcher, J. I., Chapman, B. E., Mackay, J. P., Howden, M. E., & King, G. F. (1997). The structure of versutoxin (δ-atracotoxin-Hv1) provides insights into the binding of site 3 neurotoxins to the voltage-gated sodium channel. Structure, 5(11), 1525-1535 - https://ve42.co/Fletcher1997
Australian Reptile Park. (2022). Snake and Spider First Aid - https://ve42.co/ARPFirstAid
The Australian Museum. (20 ). Spider facts - https://ve42.co/SpiderFacts
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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Orlando Bassotto, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Benedikt Heinen, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, and Sam Lutfi
▀▀▀
Written by Katie Barnshaw & Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Filmed by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller and Jason Tran
Animation by Ivy Tello, Jakub Misiek and Fabio Albertelli
Neuron animation by Reciprocal Space – https://www.reciprocal.space
Additional video/photos supplied from Getty Images, Pond5
B-roll supplied by Seqirus Australia
Music from Epidemic Sound
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang & Katie Barnshaw
Uno de los conceptos más importantes, aunque menos comprendidos, en toda la física. Visita https://brilliant.org/veritasium para comenzar tu prueba gratuita de 30 días, ¡y las primeras 200 personas obtienen un 20% de descuento en la suscripción anual premium!
Si estás buscando un kit de modelado molecular, prueba Snatoms, un kit que inventé donde los átomos se unen magnéticamente: https://snatoms.com
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Un agradecimiento enorme a quienes nos ayudaron a comprender diferentes aspectos sobre el tema del video: Dr. Ashmeet Singh, Supriya Krishnamurthy, Dr. Jos Thijssen, Dr. Bijoy Bera, Dr. Timon Idema, Álvaro Bermejillo Seco y Dr. Misha Titov.
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Referencias:
Carnot, S. (1824). Reflexiones sobre la fuerza motriz del calor y sobre las máquinas aptas para desarrollar esa fuerza. - https://ve42.co/Carnot1890
Aprovechando el verdadero poder de los átomos | Documentales sobre Orden y Desorden, Spark a través de YouTube - https://ve42.co/OrderDisorder
Una mejor descripción de la entropía, Steve Mould a través de YouTube - https://ve42.co/Mould2016
Dugdale, J. S. (1996). Entropía y su significado físico. CRC Press. - https://ve42.co/Dugdale1996
Schroeder, D. V. (1999). Introducción a la física térmica. - https://ve42.co/Schroeder2021
Fowler, M. Motores de calor: el ciclo de Carnot, Universidad de Virginia. - https://ve42.co/Fowler2023
Chandler, D.L. (2010). Explicado: El límite de Carnot, MIT News - https://ve42.co/Chandler2010
Entropía, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/EntropyWiki
Clausius, R. (1867). La teoría mecánica del calor. Van Voorst. - https://ve42.co/Clausius1867
¿Qué es la entropía? TED-Ed a través de YouTube - https://ve42.co/Phillips2017
Thijssen, J. (2018) Apuntes de Física Estadística, TU Delft.
Schneider, E. D., & Kay, J. J. (1994). La vida como manifestación de la segunda ley de la termodinámica. Modelado matemático y computacional, 19(6-8), 25-48. - https://ve42.co/Schneider1994
Lineweaver, C. H., & Egan, C. A. (2008). Vida, gravedad y la segunda ley de la termodinámica. Revisiones de la física de la vida, 5(4), 225-242. - https://ve42.co/Lineweaver2008
Michaelian, K. (2012). Opiniones de la HESS "Catalización biológica del ciclo hidrológico: función termodinámica de la vida". Hidrología y Ciencias de la Tierra, 16(8), 2629-2645. - https://ve42.co/Michaelian2012
England, J. L. (2013). Física estadística de la autoreplicación. El Journal of chemical physics, 139(12), 09B623_1. - https://ve42.co/England2013
England, J. L. (2015). Adaptación disipativa en la autoorganización impulsada. Nanotecnología de la naturaleza, 10(11), 919-923. - https://ve42.co/England2015
Wolchover, N. (2014). Una nueva teoría de la física de la vida, Quantamagazine - https://ve42.co/Wolchover2014
Lineweaver, C. H. (2013). La entropía del universo y el principio de la máxima producción de entropía. En Más allá de la segunda ley: Producción de entropía y sistemas no equilibrio (pp. 415-427). Berlín, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - https://ve42.co/LineweaverEntropy
Bekenstein, J.D. (1972). Agujeros negros y la segunda ley. Lett. Nuovo Cimento 4, 737–740. - https://ve42.co/Bekenstein1972
Carroll, S.M. (2022). Las Ideas Más Grandes del Universo: Espacio, Tiempo y Movimiento. Grupo Editorial Penguin. - https://ve42.co/Carroll2022
Termodinámica de agujeros negros, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/BlackHoleTD
Cosmología y la flecha del tiempo: Sean Carroll en TEDxCaltech, Charlas TEDx a través de YouTube - https://ve42.co/CarrollTEDx
Carroll, S. M. (2008). Los orígenes cósmicos de la flecha del tiempo. Scientific American, 298(6), 48-57. - https://ve42.co/Carroll2008
El Paso del Tiempo y el Significado de la Vida | Sean Carroll (Charla + Preguntas y Respuestas), Fundación Long Now a través de YouTube - https://ve42.co/CarrollLNF
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Escrito por Casper Mebius, Derek Muller y Petr Lebedev
Editado por Trenton Oliver y Jamie MacLeod
Animado por Mike Radjabov, Ivy Tello, Fabio Albertelli y Jakub Misiek
Filmado por Derek Muller, Albert Leung y Raquel Nuno
Video de colisiones moleculares por CSIRO's Data61 a través de YouTube: Simulación de aire
Video/fotos adicionales proporcionados por Getty Images, Pond5 y cortesía de NASA, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Goddard Flight Lab/ CI Lab, equipos científicos AIA, EVE, HMI y WMAP. Además, el Laboratorio de Visualización Avanzada en el Centro Nacional de Supercomputación, B. Robertson, L. Hernquist
Música de Epidemic Sound y Jonny Hyman
Producido por Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang y Casper Mebius.
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Video en Inglés del Canal @Veritasium: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DxL2HoqLbyA
------------------------------------------------------------------------
🕹 Este canal de YouTube es administrado por: https://www.unilingo.tv/
❓ Comentarios o sugerencias de traducción: info@unilingo.tv
------------------------------------------------------------------------
#veritasiumenespañol
Will we see a new generation of airships roaming our skies? Head to https://www.odoo.com/r/veritasium to start building your own website for free.
If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms – a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically – https://ve42.co/SnatomsV
▀▀▀
Thank you to Eli Dourado for letting us explore the argument he describes in his article: https://ve42.co/Dourado
A huge thank you to Dan Grossman and Nick Allman for their time, help, and expertise.
Also a massive thank you to those who helped us understand the world of modern airships, and provided valuable feedback - Prof. Barry Prentice, Gennadiy Verba, Prof.
Christoph Pflaum, Heather Roszczyk, Dr. Casey Handmer, Richard Van Trueren, & Thibault Proux.
We are also grateful for the collaboration of the companies who are working hard to make this comeback happen - Atlas LTA, Buoyant Aircraft Systems International, Hybrid Air Vehicles, LTA Research, & Flying Whales.
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References:
How Airships Could Overcome a Century of Failure, Bloomberg Originals via YouTube - https://ve42.co/AirshipsCoF
Why the Airship May Be the Future of Air Travel, Undecided with Matt Ferrell via YouTube - https://ve42.co/FutureAirships
Airship, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/AirshipWiki
Handmer, C. (2020). A quick note on airships. Casey Handmer’s Blog - https://ve42.co/Handmer2020
UNCTAD (2020). Review of Maritime Transport 2020 - https://ve42.co/RMT2020
National Transportation Research Center (2023). Freight Analysis Framework Version 5 (FAF5) - https://ve42.co/FAF5
Hybrid Air Vehicles (2023). HAV - https://ve42.co/HAV
LTA Research (2023). Lighter Than Air (LTA) Research - https://ve42.co/LTAResearch
OceanSkyCruises (2023). North Pole Expedition - OceanSkyCruises - https://ve42.co/NPExpedition
Flying Whales (2023). Flying Whales - https://ve42.co/FlyingWhales
Buoyant Aircraft Systems International (2023). BASI - https://ve42.co/BASI
Atlas LTA (2023). Atlas Electric Airships | Atlas LTA Airships - https://ve42.co/AtlasLTA
Prentice, B. (2021). Hydrogen gas-fuelled airships could spur development in remote communities. The Conversation - https://ve42.co/HydrogenAirships
Grossman, D. (2009). The Hindenburg Disaster. Airships - https://ve42.co/Hindenburg1
Hindenburg Disaster, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/HindenburgWiki
What happened to the Hindenburg?, Jared Owen via Youtube - https://ve42.co/Owen2019
National Museum of the U.S. Navy. USS Akron (ZRS-4) - https://ve42.co/USSAkron
USS Akron, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/USSAkronWiki
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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Adam Foreman, Amadeo Bee, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Benedikt Heinen, Bernard McGee, Bill Linder, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, Diffbot, Evgeny Skvortsov, Gnare, Jesse Brandsoy, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Mario Bottion, MaxPal, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures
▀▀▀
Written by Casper Mebius & Derek Muller
Directed by Casper Mebius
Edited by Jack Saxon
Filmed by Derek Muller, Jamie MacLeod, Han Evans, & Raquel Nuno
Animation by Mike Radjabov & Fabio Albertelli
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5, & Envato Elements
Music from Epidemic Sound & Pond5
Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, & Han Evans
More footage & photos from:
Thermite Rail Welding video by dulevoz via YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNjosF789X4
O’Rourke, T. (2016). Chronicle Covers: When the Hindenburg burst into flames. San Francisco Chronicle - https://ve42.co/Hindenburg2
Wind turbine blade transport video by DOLL Fahrzeugbau via YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aPXuap0LZw
Wind turbine blade transport through mountains video by CGTN via Youtube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dtUrY8_1CM
Former Airship Hangar by Stefan Kühn - https://ve42.co/Aerium
This is the biggest, brightest, hottest video there is about the science of fireworks. This video is brought to you by Kiwico – go to https://kiwico.com/veritasium for your first month free!
If you're looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms - a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically: https://snatoms.com
Check out Gene’s channel here -- @PotatoJet
Massive thanks to Mike Tockstein from Pyrotechnic Innovations @PyroInnovations
and Will Scott from Las Vegas Display Fireworks Inc, for all your pyro knowledge and keeping us safe.
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Massive thanks to Gene Nagata from PotatoJet for filming this episode – check out his wonderful channel for more videos about cameras and FPV drones.
Thanks to Brandon Williams for helping with the chemistry and sourcing of materials.
Thanks to Matthew Tosh for the help with the chemistry conversation about fireworks.
Thanks to Simon Werrett for the help with the history of fireworks.
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Werrett, S. (2010). Fireworks: pyrotechnic arts and sciences in European history. University of Chicago Press
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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:
Emil Abu Milad, Tj Steyn, meg noah, Bernard McGee, KeyWestr, Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Anton Ragin, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Juan Benet, Ubiquity Ventures, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Sam Lutfi.
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Written by Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Animated by Ivy Tello and Fabio Albertelli
Filmed by Derek Muller, Hunter Peterson, Gene Nagata, Raquel Nuno
Production by Hunter Peterson and Stephanie Castillo
Additional video/photos supplied by Mike Tockstein/Pyrotechnic Innovations
Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, & Casper Mebius
